Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad: Implicaciones en el comportamiento alimentario y el estado nutricional a lo largo de las etapas de la vida
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v14i6.48977Palabras clave:
Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad, Comportamiento alimentario, Crecimiento y desarrollo, Deficiencias nutricionales, Neuronutrición.Resumen
El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) es una condición del neurodesarrollo caracterizada por inatención, desorganización e hiperactividad-impulsividad, con una prevalencia del 5% al 7% en niños y del 2% al 6% en adultos. Frecuentemente se asocia con comorbilidades clínicas y conductuales, y se vincula a disfunciones en la corteza prefrontal —región responsable del control atencional, la inhibición y la toma de decisiones—, afectando la autorregulación e incrementando la susceptibilidad a conductas alimentarias inadecuadas y deficiencias nutricionales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el impacto del diagnóstico de TDAH sobre el comportamiento alimentario a lo largo de las etapas de la vida, con énfasis en la infancia y la adolescencia. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica cualitativa con estudios publicados entre 2014 y 2025, consultando las bases SCIELO, PUBMED, BIREME, PsycINFO y SCOPUS. Los hallazgos indican que las personas con TDAH tienden a adoptar patrones dietéticos inadecuados, presentan ingesta insuficiente de micronutrientes y mayor riesgo de desarrollar trastornos alimentarios. La impulsividad y las dificultades de autorregulación surgen como factores clave en las elecciones alimentarias disfuncionales, con repercusiones a largo plazo sobre el estado nutricional y el riesgo de comorbilidades en la adultez, especialmente ante la ausencia de intervenciones tempranas. El abordaje del TDAH debe ser multidisciplinario, incluyendo estrategias nutricionales, conductuales y psicoterapéuticas. En este contexto, una alimentación saludable, como la dieta mediterránea, junto con la suplementación de ácidos grasos omega-3 y micronutrientes, muestra potencial para modular los síntomas. La intervención nutricional se destaca como un componente esencial para mejorar la salud y calidad de vida de estas personas.
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